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2025-11-28vfio: selftests: Split libvfio.h into separate header filesDavid Matlack6-334/+381
Split out the contents of libvfio.h into separate header files, but keep libvfio.h as the top-level include that all tests can use. Put all new header files into a libvfio/ subdirectory to avoid future name conflicts in include paths when libvfio is used by other selftests like KVM. No functional change intended. Reviewed-by: Alex Mastro <amastro@fb.com> Tested-by: Alex Mastro <amastro@fb.com> Reviewed-by: Raghavendra Rao Ananta <rananta@google.com> Signed-off-by: David Matlack <dmatlack@google.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20251126231733.3302983-17-dmatlack@google.com Signed-off-by: Alex Williamson <alex@shazbot.org>
2025-11-28vfio: selftests: Move vfio_selftests_*() helpers into libvfio.cDavid Matlack3-71/+79
Move the vfio_selftests_*() helpers into their own file libvfio.c. These helpers have nothing to do with struct vfio_pci_device, so they don't make sense in vfio_pci_device.c. No functional change intended. Reviewed-by: Alex Mastro <amastro@fb.com> Tested-by: Alex Mastro <amastro@fb.com> Reviewed-by: Raghavendra Rao Ananta <rananta@google.com> Signed-off-by: David Matlack <dmatlack@google.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20251126231733.3302983-16-dmatlack@google.com Signed-off-by: Alex Williamson <alex@shazbot.org>
2025-11-28vfio: selftests: Rename vfio_util.h to libvfio.hDavid Matlack11-13/+13
Rename vfio_util.h to libvfio.h to match the name of libvfio.mk. No functional change intended. Reviewed-by: Alex Mastro <amastro@fb.com> Tested-by: Alex Mastro <amastro@fb.com> Reviewed-by: Raghavendra Rao Ananta <rananta@google.com> Signed-off-by: David Matlack <dmatlack@google.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20251126231733.3302983-15-dmatlack@google.com Signed-off-by: Alex Williamson <alex@shazbot.org>
2025-11-28vfio: selftests: Stop passing device for IOMMU operationsDavid Matlack4-65/+22
Drop the struct vfio_pci_device wrappers for IOMMU map/unmap functions and require tests to directly call iommu_map(), iommu_unmap(), etc. This results in more concise code, and also makes it clear the map operations are happening on a struct iommu, not necessarily on a specific device, especially when multi-device tests are introduced. Do the same for iova_allocator_init() as that function only needs the struct iommu, not struct vfio_pci_device. Reviewed-by: Alex Mastro <amastro@fb.com> Tested-by: Alex Mastro <amastro@fb.com> Reviewed-by: Raghavendra Rao Ananta <rananta@google.com> Signed-off-by: David Matlack <dmatlack@google.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20251126231733.3302983-14-dmatlack@google.com Signed-off-by: Alex Williamson <alex@shazbot.org>
2025-11-28vfio: selftests: Move IOVA allocator into iova_allocator.cDavid Matlack3-71/+95
Move the IOVA allocator into its own file, to provide better separation between the allocator and the struct vfio_pci_device helper code. The allocator could go into iommu.c, but it is standalone enough that a separate file seems cleaner. This also continues the trend of having a .c for every major object in VFIO selftests (vfio_pci_device.c, vfio_pci_driver.c, iommu.c, and now iova_allocator.c). No functional change intended. Reviewed-by: Alex Mastro <amastro@fb.com> Tested-by: Alex Mastro <amastro@fb.com> Reviewed-by: Raghavendra Rao Ananta <rananta@google.com> Signed-off-by: David Matlack <dmatlack@google.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20251126231733.3302983-13-dmatlack@google.com Signed-off-by: Alex Williamson <alex@shazbot.org>
2025-11-28vfio: selftests: Move IOMMU library code into iommu.cDavid Matlack4-453/+527
Move all the IOMMU related library code into their own file iommu.c. This provides a better separation between the vfio_pci_device helper code and the iommu code. No function change intended. Reviewed-by: Alex Mastro <amastro@fb.com> Tested-by: Alex Mastro <amastro@fb.com> Reviewed-by: Raghavendra Rao Ananta <rananta@google.com> Signed-off-by: David Matlack <dmatlack@google.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20251126231733.3302983-12-dmatlack@google.com Signed-off-by: Alex Williamson <alex@shazbot.org>
2025-11-28vfio: selftests: Rename struct vfio_dma_region to dma_regionDavid Matlack4-21/+21
Rename struct vfio_dma_region to dma_region. This is in preparation for separating the VFIO PCI device library code from the IOMMU library code. This name change also better reflects the fact that DMA mappings can be managed by either VFIO or IOMMUFD. i.e. the "vfio_" prefix is misleading. Reviewed-by: Alex Mastro <amastro@fb.com> Tested-by: Alex Mastro <amastro@fb.com> Reviewed-by: Raghavendra Rao Ananta <rananta@google.com> Signed-off-by: David Matlack <dmatlack@google.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20251126231733.3302983-11-dmatlack@google.com Signed-off-by: Alex Williamson <alex@shazbot.org>
2025-11-28vfio: selftests: Upgrade driver logging to dev_err()David Matlack2-4/+4
Upgrade various logging in the VFIO selftests drivers from dev_info() to dev_err(). All of these logs indicate scenarios that may be unexpected. For example, the logging during probing indicates matching devices but that aren't supported by the driver. And the memcpy errors can indicate a problem if the caller was not trying to do something like exercise I/O fault handling. Exercising I/O fault handling is certainly a valid thing to do, but the driver can't infer the caller's expectations, so better to just log with dev_err(). Suggested-by: Raghavendra Rao Ananta <rananta@google.com> Reviewed-by: Alex Mastro <amastro@fb.com> Tested-by: Alex Mastro <amastro@fb.com> Reviewed-by: Raghavendra Rao Ananta <rananta@google.com> Signed-off-by: David Matlack <dmatlack@google.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20251126231733.3302983-10-dmatlack@google.com Signed-off-by: Alex Williamson <alex@shazbot.org>
2025-11-28vfio: selftests: Prefix logs with device BDF where relevantDavid Matlack4-25/+30
Prefix log messages with the device's BDF where relevant. This will help understanding VFIO selftests logs when tests are run with multiple devices. Reviewed-by: Alex Mastro <amastro@fb.com> Tested-by: Alex Mastro <amastro@fb.com> Reviewed-by: Raghavendra Rao Ananta <rananta@google.com> Signed-off-by: David Matlack <dmatlack@google.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20251126231733.3302983-9-dmatlack@google.com Signed-off-by: Alex Williamson <alex@shazbot.org>
2025-11-28vfio: selftests: Eliminate overly chatty loggingDavid Matlack1-14/+0
Eliminate overly chatty logs that are printed during almost every test. These logs are adding more noise than value. If a test cares about this information it can log it itself. This is especially true as the VFIO selftests gains support for multiple devices in a single test (which multiplies all these logs). Reviewed-by: Alex Mastro <amastro@fb.com> Tested-by: Alex Mastro <amastro@fb.com> Reviewed-by: Raghavendra Rao Ananta <rananta@google.com> Signed-off-by: David Matlack <dmatlack@google.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20251126231733.3302983-8-dmatlack@google.com Signed-off-by: Alex Williamson <alex@shazbot.org>
2025-11-28vfio: selftests: Support multiple devices in the same container/iommufdDavid Matlack5-50/+107
Support tests that want to add multiple devices to the same container/iommufd by decoupling struct vfio_pci_device from struct iommu. Multi-devices tests can now put multiple devices in the same container/iommufd like so: iommu = iommu_init(iommu_mode); device1 = vfio_pci_device_init(bdf1, iommu); device2 = vfio_pci_device_init(bdf2, iommu); device3 = vfio_pci_device_init(bdf3, iommu); ... vfio_pci_device_cleanup(device3); vfio_pci_device_cleanup(device2); vfio_pci_device_cleanup(device1); iommu_cleanup(iommu); To account for the new separation of vfio_pci_device and iommu, update existing tests to initialize and cleanup a struct iommu. Reviewed-by: Alex Mastro <amastro@fb.com> Tested-by: Alex Mastro <amastro@fb.com> Reviewed-by: Raghavendra Rao Ananta <rananta@google.com> Signed-off-by: David Matlack <dmatlack@google.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20251126231733.3302983-7-dmatlack@google.com Signed-off-by: Alex Williamson <alex@shazbot.org>
2025-11-28vfio: selftests: Introduce struct iommuDavid Matlack2-42/+49
Introduce struct iommu, which logically represents either a VFIO container or an iommufd IOAS, depending on which IOMMU mode is used by the test. This will be used in a subsequent commit to allow devices to be added to the same container/iommufd. Reviewed-by: Alex Mastro <amastro@fb.com> Tested-by: Alex Mastro <amastro@fb.com> Reviewed-by: Raghavendra Rao Ananta <rananta@google.com> Signed-off-by: David Matlack <dmatlack@google.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20251126231733.3302983-6-dmatlack@google.com Signed-off-by: Alex Williamson <alex@shazbot.org>
2025-11-28vfio: selftests: Rename struct vfio_iommu_mode to iommu_modeDavid Matlack2-4/+4
Rename struct vfio_iommu_mode to struct iommu_mode since the mode can include iommufd. This also prepares for splitting out all the IOMMU code into its own structs/helpers/files which are independent from the vfio_pci_device code. No function change intended. Reviewed-by: Alex Mastro <amastro@fb.com> Tested-by: Alex Mastro <amastro@fb.com> Reviewed-by: Raghavendra Rao Ananta <rananta@google.com> Signed-off-by: David Matlack <dmatlack@google.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20251126231733.3302983-5-dmatlack@google.com Signed-off-by: Alex Williamson <alex@shazbot.org>
2025-11-28vfio: selftests: Allow passing multiple BDFs on the command lineDavid Matlack2-11/+48
Add support for passing multiple device BDFs to a test via the command line. This is a prerequisite for multi-device tests. Single-device tests can continue using vfio_selftests_get_bdf(), which will continue to return argv[argc - 1] (if it is a BDF string), or the environment variable $VFIO_SELFTESTS_BDF otherwise. For multi-device tests, a new helper called vfio_selftests_get_bdfs() is introduced which will return an array of all BDFs found at the end of argv[], as well as the number of BDFs found (passed back to the caller via argument). The array of BDFs returned does not need to be freed by the caller. The environment variable VFIO_SELFTESTS_BDF continues to support only a single BDF for the time being. Reviewed-by: Alex Mastro <amastro@fb.com> Tested-by: Alex Mastro <amastro@fb.com> Reviewed-by: Raghavendra Rao Ananta <rananta@google.com> Signed-off-by: David Matlack <dmatlack@google.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20251126231733.3302983-4-dmatlack@google.com Signed-off-by: Alex Williamson <alex@shazbot.org>
2025-11-28vfio: selftests: Split run.sh into separate scriptsDavid Matlack5-99/+140
Split run.sh into separate scripts (setup.sh, run.sh, cleanup.sh) to enable multi-device testing, and prepare for VFIO selftests automatically detecting which devices to use for testing by storing device metadata on the filesystem. - setup.sh takes one or more BDFs as arguments and sets up each device. Metadata about each device is stored on the filesystem in the directory: ${TMPDIR:-/tmp}/vfio-selftests-devices Within this directory is a directory for each BDF, and then files in those directories that cleanup.sh uses to cleanup the device. - run.sh runs a selftest by passing it the BDFs of all set up devices. - cleanup.sh takes zero or more BDFs as arguments and cleans up each device. If no BDFs are provided, it cleans up all devices. This split enables multi-device testing by allowing multiple BDFs to be set up and passed into tests: For example: $ tools/testing/selftests/vfio/scripts/setup.sh <BDF1> <BDF2> $ tools/testing/selftests/vfio/scripts/setup.sh <BDF3> $ tools/testing/selftests/vfio/scripts/run.sh echo <BDF1> <BDF2> <BDF3> $ tools/testing/selftests/vfio/scripts/cleanup.sh In the future, VFIO selftests can automatically detect set up devices by inspecting ${TMPDIR:-/tmp}/vfio-selftests-devices. This will avoid the need for the run.sh script. Reviewed-by: Alex Mastro <amastro@fb.com> Tested-by: Alex Mastro <amastro@fb.com> Reviewed-by: Raghavendra Rao Ananta <rananta@google.com> Signed-off-by: David Matlack <dmatlack@google.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20251126231733.3302983-3-dmatlack@google.com Signed-off-by: Alex Williamson <alex@shazbot.org>
2025-11-28vfio: selftests: Move run.sh into scripts directoryDavid Matlack2-1/+3
Move run.sh in a new sub-directory scripts/. This directory will be used to house various helper scripts to be used by humans and automation for running VFIO selftests. Opportunistically also switch run.sh from TEST_PROGS_EXTENDED to TEST_FILES. The former is for actual test executables that are just not run by default. TEST_FILES is a better fit for helper scripts. No functional change intended. Reviewed-by: Alex Mastro <amastro@fb.com> Tested-by: Alex Mastro <amastro@fb.com> Reviewed-by: Raghavendra Rao Ananta <rananta@google.com> Signed-off-by: David Matlack <dmatlack@google.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20251126231733.3302983-2-dmatlack@google.com Signed-off-by: Alex Williamson <alex@shazbot.org>
2025-11-28Merge tag 'vfio-v6.18-rc6' into v6.19/vfio/nextAlex Williamson4-9/+288
Merge mainline vfio-selftest updates for ongoing v6.19 work. Signed-off-by: Alex Williamson <alex@shazbot.org>
2025-11-28selftests/landlock: Add disconnected leafs and branch test suitesMickaël Salaün1-0/+1051
Test disconnected directories with two test suites (layout4_disconnected_leafs and layout5_disconnected_branch) and 43 variants to cover the main corner cases. These tests are complementary to the previous commit. Add test_renameat() and test_exchangeat() helpers. Test coverage for security/landlock is 92.1% of 1927 lines according to LLVM 20. Cc: Günther Noack <gnoack@google.com> Cc: Song Liu <song@kernel.org> Cc: Tingmao Wang <m@maowtm.org> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20251128172200.760753-5-mic@digikod.net Signed-off-by: Mickaël Salaün <mic@digikod.net>
2025-11-28selftests/landlock: Add tests for access through disconnected pathsTingmao Wang1-8/+415
This adds tests for the edge case discussed in [1], with specific ones for rename and link operations when the operands are through disconnected paths, as that go through a separate code path in Landlock. This has resulted in a warning, due to collect_domain_accesses() not expecting to reach a different root from path->mnt: # RUN layout1_bind.path_disconnected ... # OK layout1_bind.path_disconnected ok 96 layout1_bind.path_disconnected # RUN layout1_bind.path_disconnected_rename ... [..] ------------[ cut here ]------------ [..] WARNING: CPU: 3 PID: 385 at security/landlock/fs.c:1065 collect_domain_accesses [..] ... [..] RIP: 0010:collect_domain_accesses (security/landlock/fs.c:1065 (discriminator 2) security/landlock/fs.c:1031 (discriminator 2)) [..] current_check_refer_path (security/landlock/fs.c:1205) [..] ... [..] hook_path_rename (security/landlock/fs.c:1526) [..] security_path_rename (security/security.c:2026 (discriminator 1)) [..] do_renameat2 (fs/namei.c:5264) # OK layout1_bind.path_disconnected_rename ok 97 layout1_bind.path_disconnected_rename Move the const char definitions a bit above so that we can use the path for s4d1 in cleanup code. Cc: Günther Noack <gnoack@google.com> Cc: Song Liu <song@kernel.org> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/027d5190-b37a-40a8-84e9-4ccbc352bcdf@maowtm.org [1] Signed-off-by: Tingmao Wang <m@maowtm.org> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20251128172200.760753-4-mic@digikod.net Signed-off-by: Mickaël Salaün <mic@digikod.net>
2025-11-28Merge branch 'for-next/sysreg' into for-next/coreCatalin Marinas1-3/+7
* for-next/sysreg: : arm64 sysreg updates/cleanups arm64/sysreg: Remove unused define ARM64_FEATURE_FIELD_BITS KVM: arm64: selftests: Consider all 7 possible levels of cache KVM: arm64: selftests: Remove ARM64_FEATURE_FIELD_BITS and its last user arm64/sysreg: Add ICH_VMCR_EL2 arm64/sysreg: Move generation of RES0/RES1/UNKN to function arm64/sysreg: Support feature-specific fields with 'Prefix' descriptor arm64/sysreg: Fix checks for incomplete sysreg definitions arm64/sysreg: Replace TCR_EL1 field macros
2025-11-28Merge branches 'for-next/misc', 'for-next/kselftest', ↵Catalin Marinas3-5/+63
'for-next/efi-preempt', 'for-next/assembler-macro', 'for-next/typos', 'for-next/sme-ptrace-disable', 'for-next/local-tlbi-page-reused', 'for-next/mpam', 'for-next/acpi' and 'for-next/documentation', remote-tracking branch 'arm64/for-next/perf' into for-next/core * arm64/for-next/perf: perf: arm_spe: Add support for filtering on data source perf: Add perf_event_attr::config4 perf/imx_ddr: Add support for PMU in DB (system interconnects) perf/imx_ddr: Get and enable optional clks perf/imx_ddr: Move ida_alloc() from ddr_perf_init() to ddr_perf_probe() dt-bindings: perf: fsl-imx-ddr: Add compatible string for i.MX8QM, i.MX8QXP and i.MX8DXL arch_topology: Provide a stub topology_core_has_smt() for !CONFIG_GENERIC_ARCH_TOPOLOGY perf/arm-ni: Fix and optimise register offset calculation perf: arm_pmuv3: Add new Cortex and C1 CPU PMUs perf: arm_cspmu: fix error handling in arm_cspmu_impl_unregister() perf/arm-ni: Add NoC S3 support perf/arm_cspmu: nvidia: Add pmevfiltr2 support perf/arm_cspmu: nvidia: Add revision id matching perf/arm_cspmu: Add pmpidr support perf/arm_cspmu: Add callback to reset filter config perf: arm_pmuv3: Don't use PMCCNTR_EL0 on SMT cores * for-next/misc: : Miscellaneous patches arm64: atomics: lse: Remove unused parameters from ATOMIC_FETCH_OP_AND macros arm64: remove duplicate ARCH_HAS_MEM_ENCRYPT arm64: mm: use untagged address to calculate page index arm64: mm: make linear mapping permission update more robust for patial range arm64/mm: Elide TLB flush in certain pte protection transitions arm64/mm: Rename try_pgd_pgtable_alloc_init_mm arm64/mm: Allow __create_pgd_mapping() to propagate pgtable_alloc() errors arm64: add unlikely hint to MTE async fault check in el0_svc_common arm64: acpi: add newline to deferred APEI warning arm64: entry: Clean out some indirection arm64/mm: Ensure PGD_SIZE is aligned to 64 bytes when PA_BITS = 52 arm64/mm: Drop cpu_set_[default|idmap]_tcr_t0sz() arm64: remove unused ARCH_PFN_OFFSET arm64: use SOFTIRQ_ON_OWN_STACK for enabling softirq stack arm64: Remove assertion on CONFIG_VMAP_STACK * for-next/kselftest: : arm64 kselftest patches kselftest/arm64: Align zt-test register dumps * for-next/efi-preempt: : arm64: Make EFI calls preemptible arm64/efi: Call EFI runtime services without disabling preemption arm64/efi: Move uaccess en/disable out of efi_set_pgd() arm64/efi: Drop efi_rt_lock spinlock from EFI arch wrapper arm64/fpsimd: Permit kernel mode NEON with IRQs off arm64/fpsimd: Don't warn when EFI execution context is preemptible efi/runtime-wrappers: Keep track of the efi_runtime_lock owner efi: Add missing static initializer for efi_mm::cpus_allowed_lock * for-next/assembler-macro: : arm64: Replace __ASSEMBLY__ with __ASSEMBLER__ in headers arm64: Replace __ASSEMBLY__ with __ASSEMBLER__ in non-uapi headers arm64: Replace __ASSEMBLY__ with __ASSEMBLER__ in uapi headers * for-next/typos: : Random typo/spelling fixes arm64: Fix double word in comments arm64: Fix typos and spelling errors in comments * for-next/sme-ptrace-disable: : Support disabling streaming mode via ptrace on SME only systems kselftest/arm64: Cover disabling streaming mode without SVE in fp-ptrace kselftst/arm64: Test NT_ARM_SVE FPSIMD format writes on non-SVE systems arm64/sme: Support disabling streaming mode via ptrace on SME only systems * for-next/local-tlbi-page-reused: : arm64, mm: avoid TLBI broadcast if page reused in write fault arm64, tlbflush: don't TLBI broadcast if page reused in write fault mm: add spurious fault fixing support for huge pmd * for-next/mpam: (34 commits) : Basic Arm MPAM driver (more to follow) MAINTAINERS: new entry for MPAM Driver arm_mpam: Add kunit tests for props_mismatch() arm_mpam: Add kunit test for bitmap reset arm_mpam: Add helper to reset saved mbwu state arm_mpam: Use long MBWU counters if supported arm_mpam: Probe for long/lwd mbwu counters arm_mpam: Consider overflow in bandwidth counter state arm_mpam: Track bandwidth counter state for power management arm_mpam: Add mpam_msmon_read() to read monitor value arm_mpam: Add helpers to allocate monitors arm_mpam: Probe and reset the rest of the features arm_mpam: Allow configuration to be applied and restored during cpu online arm_mpam: Use a static key to indicate when mpam is enabled arm_mpam: Register and enable IRQs arm_mpam: Extend reset logic to allow devices to be reset any time arm_mpam: Add a helper to touch an MSC from any CPU arm_mpam: Reset MSC controls from cpuhp callbacks arm_mpam: Merge supported features during mpam_enable() into mpam_class arm_mpam: Probe the hardware features resctrl supports arm_mpam: Add helpers for managing the locking around the mon_sel registers ... * for-next/acpi: : arm64 acpi updates ACPI: GTDT: Get rid of acpi_arch_timer_mem_init() * for-next/documentation: : arm64 Documentation updates Documentation/arm64: Fix the typo of register names
2025-11-28Merge branches 'arm/smmu/updates', 'arm/smmu/bindings', 'mediatek', ↵Joerg Roedel2-22/+50
'nvidia/tegra', 'intel/vt-d', 'amd/amd-vi' and 'core' into next
2025-11-28KVM: LoongArch: selftests: Add time counter test caseBibo Mao2-0/+39
With time counter test, it is to verify that time count starts from 0 and always grows up then. Signed-off-by: Bibo Mao <maobibo@loongson.cn> Signed-off-by: Huacai Chen <chenhuacai@loongson.cn>
2025-11-28KVM: LoongArch: selftests: Add SW emulated timer test caseBibo Mao1-0/+40
This test case setup one-shot timer and execute idle instruction immediately to indicate giving up CPU, hypervisor will emulate SW hrtimer and wakeup vCPU when SW hrtimer is fired. Signed-off-by: Bibo Mao <maobibo@loongson.cn> Signed-off-by: Huacai Chen <chenhuacai@loongson.cn>
2025-11-28KVM: LoongArch: selftests: Add timer interrupt test caseBibo Mao5-2/+228
Add timer test case based on common arch_timer code, timer interrupt with one-shot and period mode is tested. Signed-off-by: Bibo Mao <maobibo@loongson.cn> Signed-off-by: Huacai Chen <chenhuacai@loongson.cn>
2025-11-28selftests: netfilter: nft_flowtable.sh: Add the capability to send IPv6 TCP ↵Lorenzo Bianconi1-14/+43
traffic Introduce the capability to send TCP traffic over IPv6 to nft_flowtable netfilter selftest. Reviewed-by: Simon Horman <horms@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Lorenzo Bianconi <lorenzo@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
2025-11-28selftests: netfilter: nft_flowtable.sh: Add IPIP flowtable selftestLorenzo Bianconi1-0/+69
Introduce specific selftest for IPIP flowtable SW acceleration in nft_flowtable.sh Signed-off-by: Lorenzo Bianconi <lorenzo@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
2025-11-27selftests/liveupdate: add kexec test for multiple and empty sessionsPasha Tatashin2-0/+163
Introduce a new kexec-based selftest, luo_kexec_multi_session, to validate the end-to-end lifecycle of a more complex LUO scenario. While the existing luo_kexec_simple test covers the basic end-to-end lifecycle, it is limited to a single session with one preserved file. This new test significantly expands coverage by verifying LUO's ability to handle a mixed workload involving multiple sessions, some of which are intentionally empty. This ensures that the LUO core correctly preserves and restores the state of all session types across a reboot. The test validates the following sequence: Stage 1 (Pre-kexec): - Creates two empty test sessions (multi-test-empty-1, multi-test-empty-2). - Creates a session with one preserved memfd (multi-test-files-1). - Creates another session with two preserved memfds (multi-test-files-2), each containing unique data. - Creates a state-tracking session to manage the transition to Stage 2. - Executes a kexec reboot via the helper script. Stage 2 (Post-kexec): - Retrieves the state-tracking session to confirm it is in the post-reboot stage. - Retrieves all four test sessions (both the empty and non-empty ones). - For the non-empty sessions, restores the preserved memfds and verifies their contents match the original data patterns. - Finalizes all test sessions and the state session to ensure a clean teardown and that all associated kernel resources are correctly released. This test provides greater confidence in the robustness of the LUO framework by validating its behavior in a more realistic, multi-faceted scenario. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20251125165850.3389713-19-pasha.tatashin@soleen.com Signed-off-by: Pasha Tatashin <pasha.tatashin@soleen.com> Reviewed-by: Mike Rapoport (Microsoft) <rppt@kernel.org> Tested-by: David Matlack <dmatlack@google.com> Cc: Aleksander Lobakin <aleksander.lobakin@intel.com> Cc: Alexander Graf <graf@amazon.com> Cc: Alice Ryhl <aliceryhl@google.com> Cc: Andriy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com> Cc: anish kumar <yesanishhere@gmail.com> Cc: Anna Schumaker <anna.schumaker@oracle.com> Cc: Bartosz Golaszewski <bartosz.golaszewski@linaro.org> Cc: Bjorn Helgaas <bhelgaas@google.com> Cc: Borislav Betkov <bp@alien8.de> Cc: Chanwoo Choi <cw00.choi@samsung.com> Cc: Chen Ridong <chenridong@huawei.com> Cc: Chris Li <chrisl@kernel.org> Cc: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org> Cc: Daniel Wagner <wagi@kernel.org> Cc: Danilo Krummrich <dakr@kernel.org> Cc: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com> Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com> Cc: David Jeffery <djeffery@redhat.com> Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com> Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org> Cc: Guixin Liu <kanie@linux.alibaba.com> Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com> Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com> Cc: Ilpo Järvinen <ilpo.jarvinen@linux.intel.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com> Cc: Ira Weiny <ira.weiny@intel.com> Cc: Jann Horn <jannh@google.com> Cc: Jason Gunthorpe <jgg@nvidia.com> Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk> Cc: Joanthan Cameron <Jonathan.Cameron@huawei.com> Cc: Joel Granados <joel.granados@kernel.org> Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net> Cc: Lennart Poettering <lennart@poettering.net> Cc: Leon Romanovsky <leon@kernel.org> Cc: Leon Romanovsky <leonro@nvidia.com> Cc: Lukas Wunner <lukas@wunner.de> Cc: Marc Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com> Cc: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org> Cc: Matthew Maurer <mmaurer@google.com> Cc: Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@kernel.org> Cc: Myugnjoo Ham <myungjoo.ham@samsung.com> Cc: Parav Pandit <parav@nvidia.com> Cc: Pratyush Yadav <pratyush@kernel.org> Cc: Pratyush Yadav <ptyadav@amazon.de> Cc: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org> Cc: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev> Cc: Saeed Mahameed <saeedm@nvidia.com> Cc: Samiullah Khawaja <skhawaja@google.com> Cc: Song Liu <song@kernel.org> Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org> Cc: Stuart Hayes <stuart.w.hayes@gmail.com> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Thomas Gleinxer <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: Thomas Weißschuh <linux@weissschuh.net> Cc: Vincent Guittot <vincent.guittot@linaro.org> Cc: William Tu <witu@nvidia.com> Cc: Yoann Congal <yoann.congal@smile.fr> Cc: Zhu Yanjun <yanjun.zhu@linux.dev> Cc: Zijun Hu <quic_zijuhu@quicinc.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
2025-11-27selftests/liveupdate: add simple kexec-based selftest for LUOPasha Tatashin5-0/+421
Introduce a kexec-based selftest, luo_kexec_simple, to validate the end-to-end lifecycle of a Live Update Orchestrator session across a reboot. While existing tests verify the uAPI in a pre-reboot context, this test ensures that the core functionality—preserving state via Kexec Handover and restoring it in a new kernel—works as expected. The test operates in two stages, managing its state across the reboot by preserving a dedicated "state session" containing a memfd. This mechanism dogfoods the LUO feature itself for state tracking, making the test self-contained. The test validates the following sequence: Stage 1 (Pre-kexec): - Creates a test session (test-session). - Creates and preserves a memfd with a known data pattern into the test session. - Creates the state-tracking session to signal progression to Stage 2. - Executes a kexec reboot via a helper script. Stage 2 (Post-kexec): - Retrieves the state-tracking session to confirm it is in the post-reboot stage. - Retrieves the preserved test session. - Restores the memfd from the test session and verifies its contents match the original data pattern written in Stage 1. - Finalizes both the test and state sessions to ensure a clean teardown. The test relies on a helper script (do_kexec.sh) to perform the reboot and a shared utility library (luo_test_utils.c) for common LUO operations, keeping the main test logic clean and focused. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20251125165850.3389713-18-pasha.tatashin@soleen.com Signed-off-by: Pasha Tatashin <pasha.tatashin@soleen.com> Reviewed-by: Zhu Yanjun <yanjun.zhu@linux.dev> Reviewed-by: Mike Rapoport (Microsoft) <rppt@kernel.org> Tested-by: David Matlack <dmatlack@google.com> Cc: Aleksander Lobakin <aleksander.lobakin@intel.com> Cc: Alexander Graf <graf@amazon.com> Cc: Alice Ryhl <aliceryhl@google.com> Cc: Andriy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com> Cc: anish kumar <yesanishhere@gmail.com> Cc: Anna Schumaker <anna.schumaker@oracle.com> Cc: Bartosz Golaszewski <bartosz.golaszewski@linaro.org> Cc: Bjorn Helgaas <bhelgaas@google.com> Cc: Borislav Betkov <bp@alien8.de> Cc: Chanwoo Choi <cw00.choi@samsung.com> Cc: Chen Ridong <chenridong@huawei.com> Cc: Chris Li <chrisl@kernel.org> Cc: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org> Cc: Daniel Wagner <wagi@kernel.org> Cc: Danilo Krummrich <dakr@kernel.org> Cc: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com> Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com> Cc: David Jeffery <djeffery@redhat.com> Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com> Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org> Cc: Guixin Liu <kanie@linux.alibaba.com> Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com> Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com> Cc: Ilpo Järvinen <ilpo.jarvinen@linux.intel.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com> Cc: Ira Weiny <ira.weiny@intel.com> Cc: Jann Horn <jannh@google.com> Cc: Jason Gunthorpe <jgg@nvidia.com> Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk> Cc: Joanthan Cameron <Jonathan.Cameron@huawei.com> Cc: Joel Granados <joel.granados@kernel.org> Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net> Cc: Lennart Poettering <lennart@poettering.net> Cc: Leon Romanovsky <leon@kernel.org> Cc: Leon Romanovsky <leonro@nvidia.com> Cc: Lukas Wunner <lukas@wunner.de> Cc: Marc Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com> Cc: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org> Cc: Matthew Maurer <mmaurer@google.com> Cc: Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@kernel.org> Cc: Myugnjoo Ham <myungjoo.ham@samsung.com> Cc: Parav Pandit <parav@nvidia.com> Cc: Pratyush Yadav <pratyush@kernel.org> Cc: Pratyush Yadav <ptyadav@amazon.de> Cc: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org> Cc: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev> Cc: Saeed Mahameed <saeedm@nvidia.com> Cc: Samiullah Khawaja <skhawaja@google.com> Cc: Song Liu <song@kernel.org> Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org> Cc: Stuart Hayes <stuart.w.hayes@gmail.com> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Thomas Gleinxer <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: Thomas Weißschuh <linux@weissschuh.net> Cc: Vincent Guittot <vincent.guittot@linaro.org> Cc: William Tu <witu@nvidia.com> Cc: Yoann Congal <yoann.congal@smile.fr> Cc: Zijun Hu <quic_zijuhu@quicinc.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
2025-11-27selftests/liveupdate: add userspace API selftestsPasha Tatashin5-0/+396
Introduce a selftest suite for LUO. These tests validate the core userspace-facing API provided by the /dev/liveupdate device and its associated ioctls. The suite covers fundamental device behavior, session management, and the file preservation mechanism using memfd as a test case. This provides regression testing for the LUO uAPI. The following functionality is verified: Device Access: Basic open and close operations on /dev/liveupdate. Enforcement of exclusive device access (verifying EBUSY on a second open). Session Management: Successful creation of sessions with unique names. Failure to create sessions with duplicate names. File Preservation: Preserving a single memfd and verifying its content remains intact post-preservation. Preserving multiple memfds within a single session, each with unique data. A complex scenario involving multiple sessions, each containing a mix of empty and data-filled memfds. Note: This test suite is limited to verifying the pre-kexec functionality of LUO (e.g., session creation, file preservation). The post-kexec restoration of resources is not covered, as the kselftest framework does not currently support orchestrating a reboot and continuing execution in the new kernel. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20251125165850.3389713-17-pasha.tatashin@soleen.com Signed-off-by: Pasha Tatashin <pasha.tatashin@soleen.com> Reviewed-by: Pratyush Yadav <pratyush@kernel.org> Reviewed-by: Mike Rapoport (Microsoft) <rppt@kernel.org> Tested-by: David Matlack <dmatlack@google.com> Cc: Aleksander Lobakin <aleksander.lobakin@intel.com> Cc: Alexander Graf <graf@amazon.com> Cc: Alice Ryhl <aliceryhl@google.com> Cc: Andriy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com> Cc: anish kumar <yesanishhere@gmail.com> Cc: Anna Schumaker <anna.schumaker@oracle.com> Cc: Bartosz Golaszewski <bartosz.golaszewski@linaro.org> Cc: Bjorn Helgaas <bhelgaas@google.com> Cc: Borislav Betkov <bp@alien8.de> Cc: Chanwoo Choi <cw00.choi@samsung.com> Cc: Chen Ridong <chenridong@huawei.com> Cc: Chris Li <chrisl@kernel.org> Cc: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org> Cc: Daniel Wagner <wagi@kernel.org> Cc: Danilo Krummrich <dakr@kernel.org> Cc: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com> Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com> Cc: David Jeffery <djeffery@redhat.com> Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com> Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org> Cc: Guixin Liu <kanie@linux.alibaba.com> Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com> Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com> Cc: Ilpo Järvinen <ilpo.jarvinen@linux.intel.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com> Cc: Ira Weiny <ira.weiny@intel.com> Cc: Jann Horn <jannh@google.com> Cc: Jason Gunthorpe <jgg@nvidia.com> Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk> Cc: Joanthan Cameron <Jonathan.Cameron@huawei.com> Cc: Joel Granados <joel.granados@kernel.org> Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net> Cc: Lennart Poettering <lennart@poettering.net> Cc: Leon Romanovsky <leon@kernel.org> Cc: Leon Romanovsky <leonro@nvidia.com> Cc: Lukas Wunner <lukas@wunner.de> Cc: Marc Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com> Cc: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org> Cc: Matthew Maurer <mmaurer@google.com> Cc: Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@kernel.org> Cc: Myugnjoo Ham <myungjoo.ham@samsung.com> Cc: Parav Pandit <parav@nvidia.com> Cc: Pratyush Yadav <ptyadav@amazon.de> Cc: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org> Cc: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev> Cc: Saeed Mahameed <saeedm@nvidia.com> Cc: Samiullah Khawaja <skhawaja@google.com> Cc: Song Liu <song@kernel.org> Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org> Cc: Stuart Hayes <stuart.w.hayes@gmail.com> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Thomas Gleinxer <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: Thomas Weißschuh <linux@weissschuh.net> Cc: Vincent Guittot <vincent.guittot@linaro.org> Cc: William Tu <witu@nvidia.com> Cc: Yoann Congal <yoann.congal@smile.fr> Cc: Zhu Yanjun <yanjun.zhu@linux.dev> Cc: Zijun Hu <quic_zijuhu@quicinc.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
2025-11-27kho: make debugfs interface optionalPasha Tatashin1-0/+1
Patch series "liveupdate: Rework KHO for in-kernel users", v9. This series refactors the KHO framework to better support in-kernel users like the upcoming LUO. The current design, which relies on a notifier chain and debugfs for control, is too restrictive for direct programmatic use. The core of this rework is the removal of the notifier chain in favor of a direct registration API. This decouples clients from the shutdown-time finalization sequence, allowing them to manage their preserved state more flexibly and at any time. In support of this new model, this series also: - Makes the debugfs interface optional. - Introduces APIs to unpreserve memory and fixes a bug in the abort path where client state was being incorrectly discarded. Note that this is an interim step, as a more comprehensive fix is planned as part of the stateless KHO work [1]. - Moves all KHO code into a new kernel/liveupdate/ directory to consolidate live update components. This patch (of 9): Currently, KHO is controlled via debugfs interface, but once LUO is introduced, it can control KHO, and the debug interface becomes optional. Add a separate config CONFIG_KEXEC_HANDOVER_DEBUGFS that enables the debugfs interface, and allows to inspect the tree. Move all debugfs related code to a new file to keep the .c files clear of ifdefs. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20251101142325.1326536-1-pasha.tatashin@soleen.com Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20251101142325.1326536-2-pasha.tatashin@soleen.com Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20251020100306.2709352-1-jasonmiu@google.com [1] Co-developed-by: Mike Rapoport (Microsoft) <rppt@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Mike Rapoport (Microsoft) <rppt@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Pasha Tatashin <pasha.tatashin@soleen.com> Reviewed-by: Pratyush Yadav <pratyush@kernel.org> Cc: Alexander Graf <graf@amazon.com> Cc: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org> Cc: Jason Gunthorpe <jgg@ziepe.ca> Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net> Cc: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org> Cc: Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@kernel.org> Cc: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Changyuan Lyu <changyuanl@google.com> Cc: Jason Gunthorpe <jgg@nvidia.com> Cc: Simon Horman <horms@kernel.org> Cc: Zhu Yanjun <yanjun.zhu@linux.dev> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
2025-11-27selftests: complete kselftest include centralizationBala-Vignesh-Reddy306-307/+310
This follow-up patch completes centralization of kselftest.h and ksefltest_harness.h includes in remaining seltests files, replacing all relative paths with a non-relative paths using shared -I include path in lib.mk Tested with gcc-13.3 and clang-18.1, and cross-compiled successfully on riscv, arm64, x86_64 and powerpc arch. [reddybalavignesh9979@gmail.com: add selftests include path for kselftest.h] Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20251017090201.317521-1-reddybalavignesh9979@gmail.com Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20251016104409.68985-1-reddybalavignesh9979@gmail.com Signed-off-by: Bala-Vignesh-Reddy <reddybalavignesh9979@gmail.com> Suggested-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20250820143954.33d95635e504e94df01930d0@linux-foundation.org/ Reviewed-by: Wei Yang <richard.weiyang@gmail.com> Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com> Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net> Cc: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com> Cc: Günther Noack <gnoack@google.com> Cc: Jakub Kacinski <kuba@kernel.org> Cc: Liam Howlett <liam.howlett@oracle.com> Cc: Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com> Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com> Cc: Mickael Salaun <mic@digikod.net> Cc: Ming Lei <ming.lei@redhat.com> Cc: Paolo Abeni <pabeni@redhat.com> Cc: Shuah Khan <shuah@kernel.org> Cc: Simon Horman <horms@kernel.org> Cc: Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@google.com> Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
2025-11-27Merge branch 'mm-hotfixes-stable' into mm-nonmm-stable in order to be ableAndrew Morton2-9/+8
to merge "kho: make debugfs interface optional" into mm-nonmm-stable.
2025-11-27Merge git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/netdev/netJakub Kicinski1-8/+7
Conflicts: net/xdp/xsk.c 0ebc27a4c67d ("xsk: avoid data corruption on cq descriptor number") 8da7bea7db69 ("xsk: add indirect call for xsk_destruct_skb") 30ed05adca4a ("xsk: use a smaller new lock for shared pool case") https://lore.kernel.org/20251127105450.4a1665ec@canb.auug.org.au https://lore.kernel.org/eb4eee14-7e24-4d1b-b312-e9ea738fefee@kernel.org Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
2025-11-27KVM: arm64: selftests: Consider all 7 possible levels of cacheBen Horgan1-1/+1
In test_clidr() if an empty cache level is not found then the TEST_ASSERT will not fire. Fix this by considering all 7 possible levels when iterating through the hierarchy. Found by inspection. Signed-off-by: Ben Horgan <ben.horgan@arm.com> Acked-by: Marc Zyngier <maz@kernel.org> Acked-by: Oliver Upton <oupton@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
2025-11-27KVM: arm64: selftests: Remove ARM64_FEATURE_FIELD_BITS and its last userBen Horgan1-2/+6
ARM64_FEATURE_FIELD_BITS is set to 4 but not all ID register fields are 4 bits. See for instance ID_AA64SMFR0_EL1. The last user of this define, ARM64_FEATURE_FIELD_BITS, is the set_id_regs selftest. Its logic assumes the fields aren't a single bits; assert that's the case and stop using the define. As there are no more users, ARM64_FEATURE_FIELD_BITS is removed from the arm64 tools sysreg.h header. A separate commit removes this from the kernel version of the header. Signed-off-by: Ben Horgan <ben.horgan@arm.com> Acked-by: Marc Zyngier <maz@kernel.org> Acked-by: Oliver Upton <oupton@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
2025-11-27selftests: af_unix: remove unused stdlib.h includeSunday Adelodun1-1/+0
The unix_connreset.c test included <stdlib.h>, but no symbol from that header is used. This causes a fatal build error under certain linux-next configurations where stdlib.h is not available. Remove the unused include to fix the build. Reported-by: kernel test robot <lkp@intel.com> Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/r/202511221800.hcgCKvVa-lkp@intel.com/ Signed-off-by: Sunday Adelodun <adelodunolaoluwa@yahoo.com> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20251125113648.25903-1-adelodunolaoluwa@yahoo.com Signed-off-by: Paolo Abeni <pabeni@redhat.com>
2025-11-27KVM: LoongArch: selftests: Add exception handler register interfaceBibo Mao2-0/+45
Add interrupt and exception handler register interface. When exception happens, execute registered exception handler if exists, else report an error. Signed-off-by: Bibo Mao <maobibo@loongson.cn> Signed-off-by: Huacai Chen <chenhuacai@loongson.cn>
2025-11-27KVM: LoongArch: selftests: Add basic interfacesBibo Mao2-0/+55
Add some basic function interfaces such as CSR register access, local irq enable or disable APIs. Signed-off-by: Bibo Mao <maobibo@loongson.cn> Signed-off-by: Huacai Chen <chenhuacai@loongson.cn>
2025-11-27KVM: LoongArch: selftests: Add system registers save/restore on exceptionBibo Mao2-1/+10
When system returns from exception with ertn instruction, PC comes from LOONGARCH_CSR_ERA, and CSR.CRMD comes LOONGARCH_CSR_PRMD. Here save CSR register CSR.ERA and CSR.PRMD into stack, and then restore them from stack. So it can be modified by exception handlers in future. Signed-off-by: Bibo Mao <maobibo@loongson.cn> Signed-off-by: Huacai Chen <chenhuacai@loongson.cn>
2025-11-26selftests/net: packetdrill: pass send_omit_free to MSG_ZEROCOPY testsWillem de Bruijn12-0/+29
The --send_omit_free flag is needed for TCP zero copy tests, to ensure that packetdrill doesn't free the send() buffer after the send() call. Fixes: 1e42f73fd3c2 ("selftests/net: packetdrill: import tcp/zerocopy") Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/netdev/20251124071831.4cbbf412@kernel.org/ Sugg